ENGINE
About Engine
An engine or motor is a machine,designed to convert one form of energy into mechanical energy.Heat engine burn a fuel to create heat, which is then used to create a force.Electric motors convert voltage into mechanical motion; gas motors use compressed gas and dextrorotary motors in land up toys use elastic energy.
In biological systems, molecular motors, like myosins in muscles, use chemical energy to formforces andeventually motion.
TYPES OF ENGINE
(i). External combustion engine:
In external combustion engine, the combustion of fuel takes place outside the engine.
Example: steam engine.
(ii). Internal combustion engine:
In IC engine, the combustion of fuel takes place within the engine cylinder.
Two stroke and 4 stroke petrol (hydrocarbon) and diesel engine are the example of IC engine.
1.The I.C. engines are classified on the following basis:
(i). Reciprocatory engine: In internal-combustion engine, there's a piston and cylinder, the piston does reciprocating (to and Fro) motion within the cylinder.
Due to the reciprocatory motion of the piston, it's referred to as internal-combustion engine. 2 stroke and 4 stroke engine are the common examples of internal-combustion engine.
(ii). Rotary engine: In rotary engine, the rotor will rotate to provide power to the wheels. There is no reciprocating motion.A rotor is present within the chamber that will rotate within a chamber. Wankel rotary engine , turbine engines are rotary engine example.
2. Types of Fuel Used
On the idea of variety of fuel used, the engine is classed as petrol (hydrocarbon) engine, diesel and gas engine.
(i). Petrol (octane hydrocarbon) engine: The engine that uses petrol for its operating is named petrol ( octane hydrocarbon) engine.
(ii). Diesel engine: The engine that uses diesel for its operating is named diesel engine.
(iii). Gas engine:associate engine exploitation gas fuel for the operating is named internal-combustion engine.
3.Cycle of Operation
On the idea of cycle of operation the engine varieties are:
(i). Otto cycle engine: These varietiesof engine works on Otto cycle.
(ii). Diesel cycle engine: The engine functioning on diesel cycle is named diesel cycle engine.
(iii). Dual cycle engine or semi-diesel cycle engine: The engine that works on bothdiesel as-well-as Otto cycle is named dualcycle engine or semi diesel cycle engine.
4.Number of Strokes
On the idea of variety of stroke, the categories of engine are:
(i). Four Stroke Engine: it's associateengine within which the piston moves fourfold i.e.2 upward (form BDC to TDC) a pair of|and a couple of|and a pair of} downward (from TDC to BDC) movement in
one cycle of power stroke is named four stroke engines.
(ii). 2 Stroke Engine: The engine within which the piston will two occasions motion i.e.
one from TDC to BDC and other from BDC to TDC to produce a power stroke is called two stroke engines.
(iii). Hot spot ignition engine: This type of engine is not in practical use.
5. Type of Ignition
On the idea of ignition, the engines are classified as:
(i). Spark ignition engine (S.I.
engine): In spark ignition engine there's a sparking plug that is fitted at the engine head.
The sparking plug produces spark once the compression of the fuel and ignites the air fuel mixture for the combustion.
The petrol engines are spark ignition engine.
(ii). Compression ignition engine (C.I.
engine): In Compression ignition engine there's no sparking plug at the plate.
The fuel is lighted by the warmth of the compressed gas.
The diesel engines are compression ignition engine.
6. Number of Cylinders
On the idea of variety of cylinders giftwithin the engine, the types of engine are:
(i). Single cylinder engine: associate engine that consists of single cylinder is namedsingle cylinder engine.
Generally the only cylinder engines square measure utilized in motorcycles, scooter, etc.
(ii). Double cylinder engine: The engine that consists of 2 cylinders is nameddouble cylinder engine.
(iii). Multi cylinder engine: associate engine that consists of over 2 cylinders is namedmulti cylinder engine.
The multi cylinder engine could have 3, four, six, eight, twelve and sixteen cylinder.
7. Arrangement of Cylinders
On the idea of arrangement of cylinders the engines classification is:
(i). Vertical engine: in vertical engines, the cylinders areorganized in vertical position.
(ii). Horizontal engine: In horizontal engines, the cylinders are placed horizontal position.
(iii). Radial engine: The radial engine is reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders radiate outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel.
When it's viewed from the front, it resembles a conventionalized star and is named a ‘star’ engine.
Before the turbine engine isn't become predominant, it is commonly used for aircraft engines.
(iv). V-engine: In v types of engine, the cylinders are placed in two banks having some angle between them.
The angle between the 2 banks is keep as-small-as potential to stop vibration and balancing problems.
(v). W type engine: In w type engines, the cylinders are arranged in three rows such that it forms W type arrangement.
W type engine is formed once twelvecylinder and sixteen cylinder engines are created.
(vi). Opposed cylinder engine: In opposed cylinder engine, the cylinders are place opposite to each other.
The piston and connecting rod show identical movement.
It is runs smoothly and has more balancing.
The size of the opposed cylinder engine increase becoz of its arrangement.
8. Valve Arrangement
According to the valve arrangement of the inlet and exhaust valve in varied positions within the cylinder head or block, the automobiles engines are classified into four classes.
These arrangements are named as ‘L’, ‘I’, ‘F’ and ‘T’.
It is simple to recollect the word ‘LIFT’ to recall the four valve arrangement.
(i). L-head engine: In these sorts of engine, the inlet and exhaust valves are organized side-by-side and operated by one shaft. The cylinder and combustion chamber form inverted L
(ii). I-head engine: In I-head engines, the inlet and exhaust valves are located in the cylinder head. These varieties of engines are widely used in vehicles.
(iii). F-head engine: it's a mixture of I-head and F-head engines. In this, one valve usually inlet valve is within the head and also the exhaust valve lies within the cylinder. Both the sets of valve are operated by the single rotating cam shaft.
(iv). T-head engine: In T-head engines, the inlet valve located at one side and the exhaust valve on other side of the cylinder. Here 2 camshafts are needed to operate or control, one for the inlet valve and other one is for the outlet valve.
9. Types of cooling
On the premise of varieties of cooling, the engines are classified as:
(i). Air cooled engines: In these engines, the air is employed to cool down the engines. In air cooled engines the cylinder barrels are separated and metal fins are used that provides divergent extent that increase cooling. The air cooled engines are typically utilized in motorcycles and scooters.
(ii). Water cooled engines: In water cooled engines, the water is used for the cooling of engine. Water cooled engines areutilized in cars, buses, trucks and other four wheeled vehicles, heavy duty motor vehicles. An anti-freezing agent is used within the water to forestall(prevent) it from cooling throughout cold weather condition. Every water cooled engines has radiator for the cooling of hot water from the engine.
Beside on top of varieties of engine, the internal combustion engine is also classified on the basis of the following.
1. Speed:
On the premise of speed, the types of engines are:
(i). Low speed engine
(ii). Medium speed engine
(iii). High speed engine
2. Method of Fuel Injection
On the premise of technique of fuel injection the engines are classified as:
(i). Carburetor engine
(ii). Air injection engine
(iii). Airless or solid injection engine
3. Method of Governing
(i). Hit and miss Governed engine: it's an type of engine in which the entry of the fuel is controlled by the governor. It controls the speed of the engine by taking off the ignition and fuel provide of the engine at terribly high speed.
(ii).Quantitative governing: In this system of governing, the quality of charge (i.e. air-fuel ratio of the mixture) is kept constant. But the quantity of mixture supplied to the engine cylinder is varied by means of a throttle valve which is regulated by the centrifugal governor through rack and pinion arrangement.
the partly load efficiency of SI engine is poor as a result of air fuel magnitude relation(ratio) remains constant even if we want low power
(iii).Qualitative governing: In this system of governing, a control valve is fitted in the fuel delivery pipe, which controls the quantity of fuel to be mixed in the charge. The movement of management valve is regulated by the centrifugal governor through rack and pinion arrangement.
part load efficiency of I C engine is good because we can use lean mixture and rich mixtures easily according to our requirement
4. Application
(i). Stationary engine: Stationary engine is associate engine during which its framework doesn't move. It is used to drive immobile equipment like pump, generator, mill or factory machinery etc.
(ii). Automotive engine: These are the kinds of engines that are utilized in automobile industries. For example: gasolene engine, diesel engine, gas engine are internal combustion engines falls in the category of automotive engine.
(iii). Locomotive engine: The engines that are utilized in trains are called as locomotive engines.
(iv). Marine engine: The engines that are utilized in marines for boat or ship propulsion is named as marine engine.
(v). craft engine: varieties of engine that are utilized in craft is named engine. Radial and turbine engines are utilized in craft propulsion.
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